Channeling qi...
Zhou Botong
Wuxia Wiki | The Legend of the Condor Heroes | Characters

Zhou Botong

Zhou Botong (simplified: 周伯通, traditional: 周伯通, Jyutping: zau1 baak3 tung1, pinyin: Zhōu Bótōng), known as the “Old Wild Child”1 (老頑童), was a legendary martial arts master who embodied the paradox of profound wisdom coupled with childlike innocence. Despite his advanced age and extraordinary martial arts abilities, he maintained a mischievous, carefree nature that both delighted and exasperated those around him. As Wang Chongyang’s younger sworn brother and uncle-master to the Seven Masters of Quanzhen, Zhou Botong occupied a position of great respect within the martial arts world. Yet he consistently rejected the dignity and gravitas expected of such a role, preferring instead to live according to his whimsical impulses. His revolutionary martial arts innovations and eventual ascension to become the Central Wild Child2 and leader of the Five Greats marked him as one of Jin Yong’s most complex and beloved characters.

Biography

Early years and the Quanzhen School

Zhou Botong was born during the Northern Song Dynasty and became the sworn brother of Wang Chongyang, the founder of the Quanzhen School. Unlike the other members of the school, Zhou Botong remained a layman rather than becoming a Daoist priest, yet his position as Wang Chongyang’s younger sworn brother made him the uncle-master to the famous Seven Masters of Quanzhen.

When Wang Chongyang emerged victorious in the first Mount Hua Tournament and won the Nine Yin Manual, Zhou Botong accompanied his sworn brother to the Dali Kingdom to visit Duan Zhixing, the Southern Emperor. During this diplomatic mission, whilst Wang Chongyang and Duan Zhixing engaged in martial arts discussions and exchanges, Zhou Botong grew restless with the formal proceedings and began wandering about the palace grounds.

The affair with Concubine Liu

During his exploration of the Dali palace, Zhou Botong discovered Concubine Liu practising martial arts in secret. Impressed by her dedication and natural talent, he began teaching her pressure point techniques. Through their frequent training sessions, physical contact was inevitable, and over time, their relationship developed into a romantic affair that resulted in Concubine Liu becoming pregnant.

When Duan Zhixing discovered the situation, he demonstrated remarkable magnanimity by offering to arrange for Concubine Liu to marry Zhou Botong, thereby legitimising their relationship and the child. However, Zhou Botong firmly refused this proposal, overwhelmed by the implications of responsibility and commitment. Instead, he returned the silk handkerchief that Concubine Liu had given him as a token of their affection and immediately departed from Dali, abandoning both her and their unborn child. This decision would have far-reaching consequences that would haunt him for decades.

Guardian of the Nine Yin Manual

Several years later, when Wang Chongyang was on his deathbed, he entrusted Zhou Botong with the most important responsibility of his life: safeguarding the Nine Yin Manual. Wang Chongyang’s final instruction was explicit—Zhou Botong must separate the two volumes of the manual and hide them in different locations to prevent anyone from obtaining the complete text and potentially using its profound knowledge for evil purposes.

Whilst transporting the lower volume to its designated hiding place, Zhou Botong encountered Huang Yaoshi and his newlywed wife Feng Heng. The couple, recognising the significance of what Zhou Botong carried, employed an elaborate deception to trick him into revealing the contents of the manual. After memorising the entire text, they convinced the naive Zhou Botong that his duty as guardian required him to destroy the manual to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands. In his simple-minded dedication to his responsibility, Zhou Botong complied and destroyed the lower volume.

When Zhou Botong later discovered that he had been deceived by Huang Yaoshi and Feng Heng, he was filled with righteous anger and determination to make amends. To prevent the upper volume from being stolen and to demand the return of the lower volume’s contents, he travelled to Peach Blossom Island to confront Huang Yaoshi directly.

Fifteen years on Peach Blossom Island

However, Zhou Botong’s martial arts skills proved insufficient to defeat the cunning Huang Yaoshi. As a result, he found himself trapped on the island, effectively becoming Huang Yaoshi’s prisoner. In a display of his stubborn nature, Zhou Botong made a solemn vow to Huang Yaoshi that he would not leave his assigned cave except for basic necessities until he could defeat his captor in fair combat.

The extended period of isolation, rather than breaking Zhou Botong’s spirit, sparked an unprecedented period of creativity and martial arts innovation. To alleviate the crushing boredom of his confinement and continue his martial arts development, he created two revolutionary techniques that would eventually transform the martial arts world.

The first was the seventy-two move Seventy-Two Styles Vacant Fist3, an ethereal boxing technique that embodied the highest principles of Daoist philosophy. This technique emphasised emptiness, yielding, and the principle of “using insufficiency to overcome abundance.” The second innovation was the Ambidextrous Self Combat4, a technique that allowed a practitioner to fight with both hands independently, effectively doubling their combat effectiveness.

During his imprisonment, Zhou Botong also studied the upper volume of the Nine Yin Manual extensively. Though he had initially intended merely to guard it without learning its contents, as Wang Chongyang had instructed, his natural curiosity and the tedium of his confinement eventually led him to read and memorise its profound teachings.

Brotherhood with Guo Jing

Zhou Botong’s fortunes changed dramatically when the young Guo Jing arrived on Peach Blossom Island. The innocent and sincere nature of the youth immediately appealed to Zhou Botong’s childlike heart. Despite the significant age difference and vast disparity in their martial arts abilities, Zhou Botong proposed that they become sworn brothers, viewing Guo Jing as a kindred spirit whose moral integrity reminded him of his beloved sworn brother Wang Chongyang.

Initially, Guo Jing was deeply reluctant to accept such an arrangement, feeling it inappropriate to become the sworn brother of someone who was the uncle-master of his own teachers from the Quanzhen School. However, Zhou Botong’s persistent pleading, including dramatic displays of emotion such as crying, threatening to harm himself, and pulling at his own beard in distress, eventually wore down Guo Jing’s resistance. The young man’s compassionate nature could not bear to see the old master in such anguish.

During their sworn brother ceremony, Zhou Botong declared himself the “Old Wild Child Zhou Botong,” establishing the playful yet sincere bond that would last for life. He taught Guo Jing both the Seventy-Two Styles Vacant Fist and Ambidextrous Self Combat. In a mischievous moment that would prove crucial to the future, he also had Guo Jing memorise the entire contents of the Nine Yin Manual without revealing what the text actually was. Through this process, Zhou Botong inadvertently taught Guo Jing the advanced martial arts contained within the manual whilst simultaneously learning them himself.

Liberation and the second Mount Hua Tournament

After Guo Jing successfully completed three challenges set by Huang Yaoshi to win Huang Rong’s hand in marriage, Zhou Botong was finally released from his fifteen-year imprisonment. He departed Peach Blossom Island alongside Guo Jing and Hong Qigong, revelling in his newfound freedom after so many years of confinement.

During their journey, Zhou Botong encountered Ouyang Feng, who attempted to force him to transcribe the Nine Yin Manual by threatening the lives of his companions. Rather than comply with the Western Venom’s demands, Zhou Botong made a characteristically dramatic escape by leaping into the sea. In a remarkable display of his unconventional nature and extraordinary martial abilities, he encountered a shark during his underwater adventure and proceeded to ride it through the ocean until he was reunited with his companions.

At the second Mount Hua Tournament, Zhou Botong demonstrated his growing martial arts prowess and natural authority. He successfully captured Sha Tongtian and his associates, delivering them to Qiu Chuji for imprisonment at Chongyang Palace. However, when Concubine Liu (now known as Ying Gu) arrived at the tournament grounds, Zhou Botong quickly departed, still unable to face the consequences of his past actions and the pain he had caused decades earlier.

Adventures during the Mongol era

Following the second Mount Hua Tournament, Zhou Botong spent more than a decade wandering through the vast Mongolian steppes. During this period of self-imposed exile, he encountered Yeluqi, a young martial artist of Khitan descent whom he took under his wing. Zhou Botong trained Yeluqi in advanced techniques, helping to prepare him for the challenges he would later face in the changing political landscape of the era.

Zhou Botong’s adventures continued when he was deceived by Zhao Zhijing and Jinlun Fawang into entering the deadly Spider Cave. The treacherous pair had laid an elaborate trap using venomous spiders, and Zhou Botong found himself in mortal danger as the creatures swarmed around him. Fortunately, Xiaolongnü came to his rescue, using her Jade Bees to neutralise the threat and save his life.

In gratitude for her life-saving assistance, Zhou Botong taught Xiaolongnü the Ambidextrous Self Combat, which proved instrumental in helping her resolve several dangerous situations. However, his mischievous nature soon reasserted itself when he discovered that controlling the Jade Bees was an entertaining pastime. Unable to resist the temptation of this new toy, he stole some of Xiaolongnü’s precious jade bee honey and learned to command the bees himself, much to her initial annoyance.

Resolution of past conflicts

With the assistance of Yang Guo and Guo Xiang, Zhou Botong finally confronted the tangled relationships and painful memories from his past. The three parties involved in the decades-old conflict—Zhou Botong, Yideng (formerly Duan Zhixing), and Ying Gu (formerly Concubine Liu)—were brought together for a long-overdue reconciliation that had been postponed by pride, shame, and fear for far too long.

This emotional meeting allowed all three to address their grievances, misunderstandings, and the deep hurt that had festered for decades. Zhou Botong finally accepted responsibility for his abandonment of Ying Gu and their child, whilst she found it in her heart to forgive his youthful callousness. Yideng, who had suffered his own anguish over the situation, also found peace in this resolution. The three former adversaries achieved a peaceful resolution to their complex relationship, allowing them all to move forward without the burden of past regrets.

The third Mount Hua Tournament

At the third Mount Hua Tournament, Zhou Botong’s extraordinary martial arts achievements and moral growth were formally recognised by the martial arts world. He inherited the position previously held by his deceased sworn brother Wang Chongyang and was awarded the title of Central Wild Child2, marking his ascension to the leadership of the Five Greats and recognition as the foremost martial artist of his generation.

This honour represented not only acknowledgement of his martial prowess but also acceptance of his unique approach to life and martial arts. The title cleverly incorporated his beloved nickname whilst granting him the respect due to his abilities and position.

Personality and traits

Physical appearance

Zhou Botong maintained a deceptively youthful appearance despite his advanced age, a testament to his mastery of Daoist longevity techniques and his naturally optimistic disposition. His face bore the simple, honest expression of a child, with bright, curious eyes that sparkled with mischief and wonder. His robust frame showed no signs of the frailty typically associated with old age, and his movements retained the quick, energetic quality of youth.

His sparse beard and somewhat unkempt appearance reflected his disregard for conventional dignity and his preference for comfort over formality. Despite his high status within the martial arts world, he dressed simply and paid little attention to his appearance, focusing instead on his own amusement and the pursuit of interesting experiences.

Childlike innocence and playful nature

Zhou Botong’s most defining characteristic was his childlike innocence and playful nature, which persisted despite his advanced age and profound martial arts mastery. He approached life with the wonder and curiosity of a child, finding joy in simple pleasures and maintaining an optimistic outlook even in the most difficult circumstances. This juvenile behaviour earned him the beloved nickname “Old Wild Child” and made him both endearing and occasionally exasperating to those around him.

His behaviour often seemed inappropriate for someone of his age and exalted status within the martial arts hierarchy. He was known to throw dramatic tantrums when things did not go his way, cry and wail to get attention, and engage in mischievous behaviour that would be more expected from a young child than a revered martial arts master. His emotional displays, whilst genuine, were often so extreme that they bordered on the comedic.

Carefree philosophy and rejection of convention

Zhou Botong embodied the Daoist principle of wu wei5—living in harmony with nature and following one’s natural instincts without forced effort. He rejected the rigid social conventions and hierarchical structures that governed traditional Chinese society, preferring instead to live according to his own whims and desires. This carefree attitude extended to his approach to martial arts, where he emphasised creativity, innovation, and spontaneity over rigid adherence to established techniques and traditional forms.

His philosophy was fundamentally optimistic and life-affirming. He believed in enjoying each moment to its fullest and refused to be weighed down by excessive regrets about the past or anxiety about the future. This approach allowed him to maintain his youthful spirit and continue growing in his martial arts practice well into his advanced years, achieving innovations that eluded masters bound by conventional thinking.

Moral contradictions and growth

Despite his generally benevolent nature and good intentions, Zhou Botong’s actions sometimes revealed troubling moral blind spots that created lasting pain for others. His abandonment of Concubine Liu and their unborn child demonstrated a profound inability to accept responsibility for his actions and their consequences. This behaviour contrasted sharply with the honour, duty, and moral rectitude typically expected of martial arts masters in the jianghu6.

His tendency to act impulsively without considering the potential consequences often created serious problems for himself and others. However, his essential goodness and genuine remorse when eventually confronted with the results of his thoughtless actions suggested that these failings stemmed from emotional immaturity and a sheltered perspective rather than deliberate malice. His eventual reconciliation with Ying Gu and acceptance of responsibility for his past mistakes represented significant character growth and moral development.

Relationships and social interactions

Zhou Botong’s approach to relationships was characterised by his complete disregard for conventional social hierarchies and formal protocols. He insisted on being treated as an equal by his martial juniors and showed little interest in the respect and deference typically accorded to martial arts masters of his stature. This attitude was both refreshing and controversial, as it challenged established norms whilst demonstrating his essential humility and lack of pretension.

His friendship with Guo Jing exemplified his ability to form genuine connections across vast generational boundaries and differences in social status. He valued sincerity, loyalty, and moral integrity above formal rank or martial arts ability, and his relationships were marked by mutual affection and respect rather than the formal obligations and hierarchical structures that typically governed master-student or senior-junior relationships in the martial arts world.

Martial arts abilities

Seventy-Two Styles Vacant Fist

Zhou Botong’s most significant martial arts creation was the Seventy-Two Styles Vacant Fist3, a technique that embodied the highest principles of Daoist philosophy and represented his most profound contribution to martial arts theory. This revolutionary boxing technique was described as “the most yielding and soft technique under heaven,” emphasising the fundamental principle of “using emptiness to defeat substance” and “using insufficiency to overcome abundance.”

The technique required the practitioner to make their fist force seem present yet absent, combining extraordinary softness with hidden resilience. The key to mastering the technique lay in making the fist strikes deliberately unclear and indeterminate, with movements that appeared confused and purposeless whilst concealing profound tactical sophistication. The practitioner’s body had to remain as soft and flexible as an insect, capable of adapting instantly to any situation.

This approach reflected the profound Daoist teaching that “great accomplishment seems incomplete, yet its usefulness is inexhaustible; great fullness seems empty, yet its utility is infinite.” The technique’s effectiveness lay not in overpowering opponents through brute force, but in confusing and misdirecting them through apparent weakness that concealed incredible strength and tactical brilliance.

Ambidextrous Self Combat

The Ambidextrous Self Combat4 represented Zhou Botong’s most innovative and practically significant contribution to martial arts combat theory. This groundbreaking skill allowed the practitioner to fight with both hands completely independently, creating the tactical advantage of facing what appeared to be two skilled opponents rather than one.

When facing an enemy, the technique enabled the user to attack with both hands simultaneously using entirely different martial arts styles, creating an incredibly confusing and overwhelming assault. The mental challenge for opponents was immense—they had to simultaneously defend against two distinct attack patterns whilst trying to identify opportunities for counter-attack against a practitioner whose hands might be employing completely different defensive strategies.

The technique required the practitioner to achieve perfect separation of their internal energy circulation, allowing each hand to operate with its own distinct qi flow without interference from the other. Whilst this did not literally double the user’s total internal energy reserves, it provided enormous advantages in terms of technique deployment, tactical flexibility, and the psychological pressure placed on opponents.

Nine Yin Manual mastery

Although Zhou Botong had initially served merely as the guardian of the Nine Yin Manual without studying its contents, his extended imprisonment on Peach Blossom Island led him to thoroughly study its profound teachings. Through his interactions with Guo Jing, during which he had the young man memorise the entire text, Zhou Botong inadvertently learned the advanced martial arts contained within the legendary manual.

The Nine Yin Manual represented the absolute pinnacle of Chinese martial arts knowledge, containing techniques that were described as “upright and magnificent, broad and profound.” The manual included sophisticated methods for breaking the signature techniques of various schools and sects, along with mysterious and profound cultivation methods that incorporated advanced elements of traditional Chinese medicine, particularly theories related to acupuncture points, meridian systems, and internal energy circulation.

Zhou Botong’s mastery of these techniques, combined with his own innovations, elevated his martial arts to an extraordinary level that few could match. However, his natural humility and playful personality meant that he rarely displayed the full extent of his abilities unless absolutely necessary.

Combat philosophy and approach

Zhou Botong’s approach to combat reflected his overall philosophy of life, emphasising flexibility, creativity, and adaptability over raw power or rigid adherence to established forms and conventional strategies. His fighting style was characterised by unpredictability and a sense of playfulness that often confused opponents who expected more conventional approaches from a martial arts master of his reputation and ability.

His mastery of multiple high-level techniques, combined with his innovative spirit and willingness to experiment with new approaches, made him one of the most formidable martial artists of his generation. However, he rarely used his extraordinary skills for aggressive purposes, preferring to avoid conflicts when possible and using his abilities primarily for self-defence, the protection of others, and occasionally for his own amusement.

His teaching style was equally unconventional, focusing on helping students discover their own natural abilities rather than forcing them to conform to rigid training methods. This approach proved highly effective with students like Guo Jing and Xiaolongnü, who benefited greatly from his patient, encouraging methodology.

Relationships

Wang Chongyang

Zhou Botong’s relationship with Wang Chongyang was the most significant and formative bond in his life, serving as both the foundation of his martial arts development and his primary source of moral guidance. As sworn brothers, they shared a deep friendship that transcended the typical master-student relationship, though Wang Chongyang clearly served as the more mature and responsible partner in their brotherhood.

Wang Chongyang served as both martial arts instructor and moral compass for Zhou Botong, though the latter often struggled to live up to his sworn brother’s elevated ethical standards and serious approach to responsibility. When Wang Chongyang entrusted Zhou Botong with the guardianship of the Nine Yin Manual, it represented the ultimate expression of trust and confidence in his character. Zhou Botong’s subsequent failure to properly protect the manual from Huang Yaoshi’s deception became a source of lasting regret and motivated many of his later actions.

Guo Jing

The sworn brotherhood between Zhou Botong and Guo Jing represented one of the most unusual and touching relationships in Jin Yong’s novels. Despite the vast age difference, enormous disparity in martial arts ability, and the awkward implications of their respective positions within the Quanzhen hierarchy, the two formed a genuine friendship based on mutual respect, affection, and shared moral values.

Zhou Botong served as both teacher and friend to Guo Jing, passing on revolutionary martial arts techniques whilst also learning valuable lessons about sincerity, moral integrity, and the importance of accepting responsibility from the younger man. Their relationship demonstrated Zhou Botong’s remarkable ability to look beyond surface appearances and social conventions to appreciate the essential goodness and potential in others.

The bond between them remained strong throughout their lives, with Zhou Botong taking pride in Guo Jing’s development into one of the greatest heroes of the age, whilst Guo Jing continued to show respectful affection for his unconventional sworn brother.

Concubine Liu (Ying Gu)

Zhou Botong’s relationship with Concubine Liu represented the most problematic and painful aspect of his personal history. Their romantic affair, which began innocently through martial arts instruction, resulted in pregnancy and created a complex web of relationships involving Duan Zhixing that would have lasting consequences for all involved.

Zhou Botong’s refusal to accept responsibility for his actions—his rejection of Duan Zhixing’s generous offer to legitimise the relationship through marriage and his abandonment of both Concubine Liu and their unborn child—caused immense suffering that lasted for decades. This episode revealed the darker side of his carefree philosophy, showing how his rejection of conventional responsibilities could cause genuine harm to others.

The eventual reconciliation between Zhou Botong, Ying Gu, and Yideng provided necessary closure to this long-standing conflict and demonstrated significant character growth on Zhou Botong’s part. However, the episode remained a permanent reminder of the importance of considering the consequences of one’s actions on others, particularly those who are vulnerable or dependent.

The Seven Masters of Quanzhen

As the uncle-master of the Seven Masters of Quanzhen, Zhou Botong held a position of theoretical respect and authority within the sect founded by his sworn brother. However, his childlike behaviour, complete disregard for conventional hierarchies, and irregular presence often made his relationships with his martial nephews somewhat awkward and complicated.

Despite their occasional exasperation with his unpredictable behaviour and unconventional approach to senior-junior relationships, the Seven Masters recognised Zhou Botong’s profound martial arts abilities and his genuine affection for the Quanzhen School and its ideals. His irregular appearances in their lives served as both a source of valuable guidance and a reminder of their founder’s legacy, though they could never predict what form his involvement might take.

Huang Yaoshi

Zhou Botong’s relationship with Huang Yaoshi began as a result of the deception involving the Nine Yin Manual and evolved through his fifteen-year imprisonment on Peach Blossom Island. What started as enmity and resentment gradually transformed into a complex relationship marked by grudging mutual respect.

During his captivity, Zhou Botong came to understand Huang Yaoshi’s character more deeply, recognising that despite his unconventional methods and moral flexibility, the Eastern Heretic possessed his own code of honour and genuine concern for those he cared about. Their relationship eventually mellowed into something approaching friendship, particularly after Zhou Botong’s release and the resolution of their original conflict.

Behind the scenes

Literary significance and character archetype

Zhou Botong represents Jin Yong’s masterful exploration of the tension between wisdom and innocence, responsibility and freedom, in traditional Chinese culture. His character embodies the Daoist ideal of returning to a state of natural simplicity whilst simultaneously achieving the highest levels of martial arts mastery and spiritual understanding. This paradox reflects deeper philosophical questions about the relationship between knowledge and happiness, sophistication and authenticity, and the proper balance between social obligations and personal fulfilment.

The character serves as a crucial foil to the more serious and duty-bound heroes throughout Jin Yong’s novels. His carefree attitude, rejection of social conventions, and emphasis on personal enjoyment provide both comic relief and alternative perspectives on traditional concepts of honour, duty, and the proper conduct expected of martial arts practitioners. Through Zhou Botong, Jin Yong questions whether conventional notions of dignity and responsibility might sometimes constrain human potential and genuine happiness.

Cultural impact and influence

Zhou Botong has become an iconic figure in Chinese popular culture, representing the archetype of the wise fool who achieves profound understanding through apparent simplicity and spontaneity. His influence extends far beyond literature into contemporary discussions of educational philosophy, particularly regarding the value of maintaining curiosity, playfulness, and creative thinking in learning and personal development.

The character’s approach to martial arts—emphasising innovation, creativity, and adaptability over rigid adherence to traditional forms and established hierarchies—has influenced modern thinking about martial arts pedagogy, combat sports training, and the importance of mental flexibility in competitive and confrontational situations.

His philosophy of living in the moment and rejecting excessive concern with social status or conventional measures of success has resonated with readers across different generations and cultural backgrounds, making him one of Jin Yong’s most universally beloved characters.

Character development and evolution

Jin Yong’s portrayal of Zhou Botong evolved significantly throughout the writing and revision process, with the character’s complexity and psychological depth increasing as the author explored the implications of his carefree philosophy and examined the potential consequences of rejecting conventional responsibilities. The resolution of his conflict with Ying Gu and Yideng provided necessary character growth and demonstrated Jin Yong’s commitment to addressing the moral implications of his characters’ actions.

The character’s journey from irresponsible abandon to mature acceptance of his past mistakes whilst maintaining his essential childlike spirit represents one of the most sophisticated character arcs in Jin Yong’s work, showing how personal growth and moral development can occur without sacrificing one’s fundamental nature or joie de vivre.

Portrayals

Zhou Botong has been portrayed by numerous actors in film and television adaptations of Jin Yong’s novels:

The Legend of the Condor Heroes

The Return of the Condor Heroes

Other adaptations

Qin Huang’s portrayal in the 1983 TVB series is widely regarded as the definitive interpretation of the character, perfectly capturing both Zhou Botong’s childlike innocence and his formidable martial arts abilities. His performance established the template for future portrayals, balancing the character’s comedic elements with his underlying wisdom and martial prowess. Li Yaoxiang’s performances in multiple 1990s productions also received critical acclaim for their consistency, depth, and nuanced portrayal of the character’s emotional complexity.

Footnotes

  1. 老頑童 – Lǎo Wántóng. Literally “old naughty child” or “old wild child.” ↩

  2. 中頑童 – Zhōng Wántóng. Zhou Botong’s title as leader of the Five Greats. ↩ ↩2

  3. 空明拳 – Kōngmíng Quán. A martial art technique created by Zhou Botong that emphasises emptiness and yielding. ↩ ↩2

  4. 雙手互搏 – Shuāngshǒu Hùbó. A technique allowing the practitioner to use both hands independently in combat. ↩ ↩2

  5. 無為 – Wúwéi. A Daoist concept meaning “non-action” or acting in accordance with natural flow. ↩

  6. 江湖 – Jiānghú. The world of martial arts and wandering heroes. ↩