Hong Qigong (pinyin: Hóng Qīgōng, jyutping: Hung4 Cat1 Gung1, simplified: 洪七公, traditional: 洪七公) was the eighteenth leader of the Beggars’ Guild and held the title of Northern Beggar among the Five Greats of the wulin.1 A master of the legendary Eighteen Palms of Dragon-subduing and the exclusive Dog-beating Staff Technique, he shaped the destinies of Guo Jing and Huang Rong through his teachings and mentorship.
Despite his ragged appearance and unconventional habits, Hong Qigong commanded respect throughout the jianghu2 for his unwavering commitment to righteousness. His greatest weakness—an obsession with fine cuisine—ultimately led to both triumph and tragedy in his relationships. He died peacefully alongside his longtime rival Ouyang Feng atop Huashan,3 their ancient enmity dissolving into mutual understanding in their final moments.
About the name
Hong Qi’s name carries both personal and cultural significance that often confuses readers new to wuxia literature. His given name is actually Hong Qi (洪七), where “Qi” (七) means “seven,” reflecting his position as the seventh child in his family.
The “gong” (公) in “Hong Qigong” is not part of his birth name but rather an honorific suffix meaning “lord” or “sir.” In imperial China, this title indicated nobility equivalent to a duke, though it also served as a respectful form of address for men of high status.4 Throughout the jianghu, people addressed him as “Qigong” (七公, literally “Lord Seven”) to show deference to his position and age.
This naming convention reflects the hierarchical nature of Chinese society, where titles and forms of address communicate relationships, respect, and social position. For Hong Qi, the honorific became so commonly used that many forgot his actual given name, knowing him only as the venerable Qigong.
Biography
Humble origins
Hong Qi entered the world as the seventh son in a family that fell victim to the tumultuous political landscape of the Jin-Song5 conflicts. His family’s enslavement under Jurchen officials of the Jin Empire6 shaped his understanding of oppression from an early age. The exact circumstances of his escape remain unknown, but these formative experiences instilled in him a deep empathy for society’s most vulnerable members.
His entry into the Beggars’ Guild represented both refuge and purpose. The organisation welcomed those rejected by conventional society while maintaining strict codes of honour and justice. Hong Qi’s natural leadership abilities and growing martial prowess soon distinguished him among the guild’s ranks.
Rise to leadership
Hong Qi’s ascension to guild leadership came through a combination of martial excellence and moral authority, succeeding Qian Hexing as the eighteenth chief in the organisation’s long history. The Beggars’ Guild traditionally selected chiefs based on fighting ability, but Hong Qi’s genuine concern for justice and protection of the innocent set him apart from purely ambitious candidates.
As the guild chief, he inherited two sacred martial arts that defined guild leadership: the Eighteen Palms of Dragon-subduing and the Dog-beating Staff Technique. These arts, passed exclusively from leader to successor, represented both the guild’s martial heritage and its commitment to protecting the righteous.
His leadership style emphasised practical action over philosophical debates. When confronted with injustice, Hong Qi preferred direct intervention rather than complex political maneuvering. This approach earned him respect among guild members while sometimes creating friction with more calculating jianghu figures.
Throughout his tenure, Hong Qi maintained a record of 231 justifiable killings, each representing his intervention against those who threatened innocents or violated the principles of righteousness. This precise accounting reflected both his commitment to justice and the careful consideration he gave to taking human life.
The missing finger
A pivotal moment in Hong Qi’s life occurred during a critical mission where his love of exquisite cuisine proved catastrophic. While attending an elaborate banquet, he became so entranced by the rare delicacies that he lost track of time and failed to prevent an innocent person’s death.
Consumed by guilt, Hong Qi severed his right index finger as both punishment and permanent reminder of his failure. This self-inflicted consequence earned him the nickname “Nine Fingered Divine Beggar,” though it never fully cured his weakness for exceptional food. The incident taught him that even the smallest personal indulgences could have devastating consequences when duty called.
Contest of the Five Greats
Hong Qi’s participation in the martial contest atop Huashan established his place among the era’s greatest fighters. The competition, organised to determine rightful possession of the Nine Yin Manual, brought together five extraordinary martial artists in a test of both philosophy and combat prowess.
Though Wang Chongyang of the Quanzhen School emerged victorious, Hong Qi’s performance earned recognition as the Northern Beggar among the Five Greats. This title reflected both his geographical base of operations and his distinctive fighting style, which emphasised straightforward power over subtle techniques.
Encounter with destiny
Hong Qi’s first meeting with Guo Jing and Huang Rong occurred by apparent chance but would reshape all their destinies. Drawn by the irresistible aroma of Huang Rong’s beggar’s chicken, he approached the young couple’s campfire with nothing more than hunger on his mind.
Huang Rong immediately recognised him by his missing finger and bamboo staff, correctly identifying him as the legendary Northern Beggar. Rather than simply offering food, she proposed an exchange: daily preparation of gourmet meals in return for martial arts instruction for Guo Jing.
Hong Qi found himself captivated not just by Huang Rong’s culinary skills but by Guo Jing’s honest nature and determination. Despite the young man’s slow learning, Hong Qi recognised genuine virtue that reminded him of martial arts’ true purpose. What began as a transaction evolved into genuine mentorship, with Huang Rong offering to prepare “Good Match Soup” in exchange for extended instruction. This arrangement allowed him to assess both students’ character while enjoying Huang Rong’s exceptional culinary creations.
Training the next generation
During his month-long stay with Guo Jing and Huang Rong, Hong Qi discovered the profound satisfaction of teaching worthy students. Guo Jing’s earnest dedication impressed him more than natural talent might have, while Huang Rong’s quick intelligence and underlying good nature won his grudging respect despite her father’s reputation.
He taught Guo Jing fifteen forms of the Dragon-subduing Palms while withholding the final three until he could fully assess the young man’s character. For Huang Rong, he imparted the Carefree Fist—a technique emphasising grace over power, suitable for introducing her to martial principles without overwhelming complexity.
Confrontation and consequence
Hong Qi’s rivalry with Ouyang Feng, the Western Venom, reached its climax during a shipboard battle that left lasting consequences for both warriors. When Ouyang Feng attempted to steal the Nine Yin Manual through Guo Jing, Hong Qi devised a clever counterstrategy, encouraging the youth to provide a deliberately corrupted version.
The deception enraged Ouyang Feng, leading to a fierce confrontation amid stormy seas. During their battle, Hong Qi suffered severe poisoning from Ouyang Feng’s venomous techniques. To save his life, he expelled all accumulated internal energy to purge the toxins, leaving him completely powerless but alive.
Passing the torch
Recognising his weakened condition and uncertain recovery prospects, Hong Qi made the unprecedented decision to transfer guild leadership to Huang Rong. This choice shocked the wulin,1 as the guild had never been led by a woman, particularly one so young and from outside the organisation.
Before officially transferring authority, Hong Qi taught Huang Rong the sacred Dog-beating Staff Technique, marking her as his legitimate successor. The ceremony included traditional guild customs, including the symbolic spitting ritual where members acknowledged their new leader’s authority.
His choice proved wise, as Huang Rong’s intelligence and genuine commitment to justice made her an effective leader during his absence. The decision also demonstrated Hong Qi’s ability to recognise talent regardless of conventional expectations.
Recovery and redemption
With assistance from Guo Jing and Huang Rong, who shared healing techniques from the Nine Yin Manual, Hong Qi gradually regained his internal energy. The ancient manual’s profound insights not only restored his strength but enhanced his understanding of martial principles beyond previous levels.
During his recovery, he completed Guo Jing’s training by teaching the final three Dragon-subduing Palms, ensuring his student possessed the complete technique. This transmission represented both practical instruction and symbolic approval of Guo Jing as his martial heir.
Wandering years
After transferring guild leadership to Huang Rong, Hong Qi embraced a carefree existence, wandering throughout the realm in search of exotic cuisines and rare delicacies. The warm climate and abundant culinary traditions of Guangdong proved irresistible, leading him to spend over ten years in the Lingnan region without returning to central China.
During this period, he lived as if in paradise, dedicating each day to experiencing new flavours and culinary techniques. When encountering injustice, he would secretly intervene to help the innocent and eliminate wrongdoers, his profound skills ensuring that none could trace his movements or identity.
Occasionally, he would eavesdrop on conversations between guild members, learning that the organisation flourished under Huang Rong and Lu Youjiao’s joint leadership. The successful resolution of internal conflicts between Clean Clothes and Dirty Clothes factions, combined with effective resistance against Jin forces and the Iron Palm Guild, assured him that his absence caused no hardship for the guild.
Free from responsibilities and concerns, Hong Qi spent his days purely in pursuit of culinary pleasures, embodying the carefree spirit that had always characterised his approach to life.
Final reconciliation
Years later, Hong Qi encountered Ouyang Feng again on Huashan. By then, Ouyang Feng had descended into madness from practising corrupted martial arts but had paradoxically grown even more powerful.
Their final confrontation lasted four extraordinary days, with neither aging master able to gain decisive advantage. Having lost their original weapons, they fought using only tree branches, their profound mastery transforming simple wood into deadly instruments through pure skill and internal energy.
During this period, they used Yang Guo as an intermediary in a remarkable “paper battle,” with Hong Qi teaching the young man the Dog-beating Staff Technique’s forms for Ouyang Feng to analyse and counter. The Western Venom spent an entire night attempting to crack the thirty-sixth and final form, “No Dogs Under Heaven”—the exertion causing his hair to turn completely white by dawn.
In their final moments, the two masters achieved a unique fusion of yin and yang energies, their decades of rivalry transforming into perfect balance and mutual understanding. They died together amid laughter, their lifelong enmity dissolved into peaceful acceptance as they recognised the emptiness of their ancient grudges.
Personality and traits
Physical appearance
Hong Qi cut a distinctive figure throughout the jianghu, instantly recognisable despite his humble garments. His rectangle-shaped face featured a sparse beard beneath his chin, while his large hands and feet suggested formidable physical strength. Though his clothes bore patches everywhere from countless travels and battles, he maintained them in surprisingly clean condition, reflecting dignity beneath his humble appearance.
His most iconic possessions included a green bamboo staff that appeared jade-like and translucent in sunlight, and a red lacquered gourd carried on his back for storing wine. His movement style earned comparison to a “divine dragon that shows its head but not its tail”—appearing and disappearing with mysterious swiftness that left observers uncertain of his true intentions or capabilities.
Moral foundation
Hong Qi embodied the ideals of righteous martial arts, consistently using his abilities to protect the innocent and oppose injustice. His moral compass remained steady throughout his life, guiding decisions that sometimes conflicted with personal desires or expedient choices.
Unlike many powerful martial artists who became corrupted by their abilities, Hong Qi maintained humility and genuine concern for others’ welfare. His leadership of the Beggars’ Guild reflected these values, as he treated all members with respect regardless of their social backgrounds or circumstances.
His commitment to justice transcended mere rule-following, as he often acted based on ethical principles rather than legal technicalities. This approach sometimes put him at odds with authorities but earned him widespread respect among common people who rarely found champions elsewhere.
Culinary passion
Hong Qi’s love of fine cuisine represented both his greatest joy and most dangerous weakness. His appreciation for culinary arts went far beyond simple gluttony, reflecting genuine understanding of cooking as a sophisticated craft worthy of respect and study.
This passion led him to spend over ten years in the Guangdong7 and Lingnan8 regions specifically seeking exotic cuisine and local delicacies. His knowledge of food preparation and regional specialties became legendary in its own right, with his ability to identify rare ingredients and cooking techniques surpassing many professional chefs.
Among the extraordinary dishes that captured his attention were Huang Rong’s creations including “Jade Flute—Who’s Playing Falling Plum” and “Twenty-four Bridges on a Moonlit Night,” each named after classical poems and prepared with artistic sophistication that elevated cooking to high art.
However, his culinary obsessions also created vulnerabilities that enemies could exploit. The incident that cost him his finger served as a permanent reminder that personal pleasures must never overshadow duty or responsibility to others.
Teaching philosophy
As a martial arts instructor, Hong Qi demonstrated remarkable insight into character assessment and educational methodology. Rather than focusing solely on technical proficiency, he evaluated students’ moral character and genuine dedication to righteous principles.
His teaching approach emphasised practical application over theoretical knowledge, believing martial arts should serve justice rather than personal aggrandisement. He regularly reminded students that technique without ethical foundation was worthless or even dangerous.
Hong Qi’s selectivity about accepting disciples reflected his understanding that true martial inheritance required both technical capability and moral worthiness. His careful evaluation of Guo Jing and Huang Rong demonstrated this philosophy in practice.
Leadership style
Hong Qi’s management of the Beggars’ Guild reflected his egalitarian values and practical approach to organisational challenges. He led by example rather than intimidation, earning loyalty through demonstrated commitment to the guild’s mission rather than arbitrary authority.
His decisions consistently prioritised the organisation’s welfare and its role in protecting society’s vulnerable members. Even when facing internal disputes between different guild factions, he sought solutions that maintained unity while respecting legitimate concerns.
The unprecedented decision to transfer leadership to Huang Rong demonstrated his willingness to break with tradition when circumstances demanded new approaches. This flexibility, combined with firm adherence to core principles, characterised his entire leadership tenure.
Martial arts mastery
Eighteen Palms of Dragon-subduing
Hong Qi’s mastery of the Eighteen Palms of Dragon-subduing represented the pinnacle of external martial arts achievement. This legendary technique, based on principles from the Book of Changes,9 combined overwhelming physical power with sophisticated internal energy manipulation to create devastating combat effectiveness.
Each of the eighteen forms corresponded to specific hexagrams from the classic text, incorporating both philosophical concepts and practical fighting applications. Hong Qi’s version emphasised direct, honest attacks that opponents could anticipate but could not defend against due to their sheer power and precision.
The technique’s greatest strength lay in its moral foundation—the palms achieved maximum effectiveness when used for righteous purposes, making them particularly suitable for protecting innocents rather than pursuing personal gain. Hong Qi’s righteous character enhanced the technique’s power beyond purely technical considerations.
His teaching of this art to Guo Jing represented one of the most significant martial transmissions in the jianghu
Dog-beating Staff Technique
As the exclusive martial heritage of Beggars’ Guild chiefs, the Dog-beating Staff Technique embodied both practical fighting system and sacred tradition. The thirty-six forms, passed only from leader to successor, maintained the guild’s martial identity across generations while serving as a symbol of legitimate authority.
Hong Qi wielded his bamboo staff with extraordinary skill, transforming the humble weapon into an instrument capable of matching swords and other conventional arms. The staff’s flexibility allowed for unpredictable attacks and defensive maneuvers that rigid weapons could not replicate.
The technique’s name reflected both practical origins—beggars needed to defend against aggressive dogs—and symbolic meaning, as “dogs” could represent any enemies of justice or oppressors of the innocent. This dual significance made the art particularly appropriate for the guild’s mission.
Hong Qi’s transmission of this technique to both Huang Rong and Yang Guo ensured its survival beyond his death while maintaining the tradition of selective inheritance based on character rather than mere ability.
Improvised techniques
Hong Qi’s martial creativity appeared most clearly in techniques he developed spontaneously to address specific challenges. His creation of the Rain of Petals technique during combat with Ouyang Ke’s snake formation demonstrated his ability to adapt common objects for martial purposes.
Using ordinary sewing needles as throwing weapons required extraordinary precision and timing to neutralise multiple moving targets simultaneously. This improvisation showcased Hong Qi’s deep understanding of martial principles that could be applied across different weapons and situations.
The Carefree Fist, created in his youth, reflected his artistic appreciation for martial aesthetics beyond pure combat effectiveness. Though lacking devastating power, the technique taught fundamental principles of coordination, balance, and energy flow essential for advanced training.
Internal cultivation
Hong Qi’s internal energy development reached profound levels through decades of dedicated practice combined with insights from classical texts. His ability to survive Ouyang Feng’s poison by expending accumulated energy demonstrated both his cultivation depth and willingness to sacrifice personal power for survival.
His internal power applications included poison resistance, enhanced physical capabilities, accelerated healing, and technique amplification that magnified his external martial arts’ effectiveness. These abilities made him formidable in combat while supporting his role as a protector of others.
Advanced Nine Yin Manual techniques
Hong Qi’s mastery extended to sophisticated applications from the Nine Yin Manual, including the Sinew Shrinking Bone Technique for manipulating his physical form, the Acupoint Unsealing Secrets for both offensive and healing applications, and the Breath Holding Secrets that allowed extended underwater survival or poison resistance.
These esoteric skills enhanced his combat versatility while providing practical applications beyond fighting, including medical treatment and survival in extreme conditions.
Later integration of Nine Yin Manual techniques not only restored his internal energy but enhanced his understanding of advanced cultivation methods. The ancient text’s profound insights elevated his martial arts beyond previous limitations while providing new perspectives on energy circulation and storage.
Supplementary combat arts
Beyond his signature techniques, Hong Qi possessed a comprehensive martial foundation including the Lotus Palm with its graceful yet powerful strikes, the Copper Hammer Hand for devastating close-range attacks, and the Unified Heaven Skill internal energy method.
His leg techniques included the Iron Broom Leg Technique, which swept opponents off their feet with irresistible force while maintaining defensive capabilities against ground-level attacks.
Relationships
Disciples
Mu Nianci
Hong Qi’s earliest recorded teaching occurred when he encountered Mu Nianci, spending three days instructing her in the Carefree Fist technique as reward for her kindness in saving a Beggars’ Guild member. This brief but significant interaction demonstrated his appreciation for righteous actions regardless of the actor’s background or status.
Guo Jing
Hong Qi’s relationship with Guo Jing began pragmatically but evolved into genuine paternal affection based on mutual respect and shared values. Despite Guo Jing’s slow learning, Hong Qi recognised exceptional moral character that reminded him of martial arts’ true purpose.
Hong Qi’s influence on Guo Jing proved transformative and profound. When the young man’s martial arts remained weak with little progress, Hong Qi’s appearance marked a turning point, guiding him through the gates of superior martial arts by teaching him the legendary Eighteen Palms of Dragon-subduing. Beyond martial instruction, Hong Qi’s forthright and naturally carefree personality deeply influenced Guo Jing’s character development, enabling continuous progress along the martial path.
Unlike Huang Yaoshi’s affected profundity and pretentious mannerisms, Hong Qi’s witty conversation and broad-minded nature provided Guo Jing with invaluable guidance. Hong Qi accepted Guo Jing as his disciple not merely for the young man’s character and kind heart, but for his broad spirit and genuine love for martial arts.
Their bond deepened through shared adventures and mutual support during difficult times. When Hong Qi lost his internal energy, Guo Jing’s unwavering loyalty and protection demonstrated the success of his master’s character-focused teaching approach.
Huang Rong
With Huang Rong, Hong Qi navigated initial suspicions about her family connections to develop trust and respect for her intelligence and underlying righteousness. His decision to transfer guild leadership to her represented the ultimate expression of confidence in her character and abilities.
Yang Guo
Yang Guo received martial instruction during Hong Qi’s final period, when the aging master recognised exceptional potential despite the young man’s complicated background. This brief but significant relationship ensured the Dog-beating Staff Technique’s transmission to another worthy practitioner.
Rivals and enemies
Ouyang Feng
Hong Qi’s lifelong rivalry with Ouyang Feng represented one of the jianghu’s most enduring conflicts, based on fundamental philosophical differences about martial arts’ proper purposes. Their confrontations tested both warriors while highlighting the contrast between righteousness and ruthless ambition.
Despite their enmity, Hong Qi maintained grudging respect for Ouyang Feng’s martial abilities even while opposing his methods and goals. Their final reconciliation demonstrated that even the deepest rivalries could be transcended through mutual understanding and acceptance.
Five Greats
His relationships with other Five Greats reflected professional respect tempered by awareness of their different approaches to martial arts and social responsibility. These connections provided both alliance and competition that elevated everyone’s achievements.
Guild relationships
Hong Qi’s leadership of the Beggars’ Guild required managing diverse personalities and competing interests within the organisation’s hierarchical structure. His inclusive approach welcomed people from various backgrounds while maintaining focus on the guild’s justice-oriented mission.
His ability to bridge differences between the Clean Clothes and Dirty Clothes factions demonstrated diplomatic skills that complemented his martial prowess. Though his solutions proved only temporarily effective, his efforts maintained guild unity during his tenure.
The respect and loyalty he earned from guild members stemmed from consistent demonstration of the values he expected from others rather than arbitrary exercise of authority. This approach created lasting positive relationships that supported the organisation’s effectiveness.
Behind the scenes
Hong Qigong serves as a crucial mentor figure in Jin Yong’s novels, embodying the archetypal wise teacher who guides protagonists through moral and martial development. His character represents Jin Yong’s philosophy that true martial arts mastery requires ethical cultivation alongside physical training.
Literary significance
The character functions as both comic relief and moral compass, with his distinctive traits—particularly his culinary obsession and self-imposed finger punishment—humanising what could have been a stereotypical wise master figure. His love of food provides comic moments while demonstrating that even great heroes have personal weaknesses that can compromise their duties, adding psychological complexity to his portrayal.
Hong Qigong’s role in transmitting the Eighteen Palms of Dragon-subduing to Guo Jing represents one of the most significant martial inheritances in Jin Yong’s fictional universe, directly linking to the character’s continued importance in The Return of the Condor Heroes and establishing a martial lineage that influences subsequent generations.
Character archetype
As the embodiment of the “righteous beggar” archetype in Chinese literature, Hong Qigong draws inspiration from traditional folklore about wandering martial artists who reject material wealth while maintaining unwavering moral principles. The Beggars’ Guild itself has historical precedents in actual beggar organisations that existed throughout Chinese history, lending authenticity to his background.
His teaching methodology—emphasising character assessment over pure technical ability—reflects Confucian educational ideals while subverting typical master-student hierarchies. Unlike authoritarian teachers, Hong Qigong builds relationships based on mutual respect and shared values, creating lasting bonds that extend beyond mere technique transmission.
Cultural impact
Hong Qigong has become iconic in Chinese popular culture, with his “Nine Fingered Divine Beggar” nickname and philosophical approach to martial arts influencing subsequent wuxia literature. His integration of culinary appreciation with martial prowess represents a uniquely Chinese aesthetic that celebrates life’s pleasures while maintaining serious moral purpose.
The character’s philosophical foundation draws heavily from traditional Chinese ethical systems, particularly Mohist ideals of universal love and meritocracy, while avoiding the pitfalls of simplistic moralising. Jin Yong’s sophisticated characterisation presents Hong Qigong as embodying Mohist principles—helping those in need regardless of social status, opposing aggression, and promoting virtuous governance—while maintaining human complexity through his culinary obsessions and personal struggles.
This balance between idealistic heroism and realistic human nature has made Hong Qigong a template for subsequent wuxia characters who seek to be both morally exemplary and psychologically authentic. His willingness to sacrifice personal advancement for students’ welfare has made him a model for educational and leadership philosophy in Chinese-speaking societies.
The character’s influence extends beyond literature into contemporary discussions of mentorship, ethics, and the relationship between power and responsibility, demonstrating how traditional Chinese values can be presented in ways that resonate with modern audiences without becoming preachy or outdated.
Critical reception
Hong Qigong has received widespread acclaim from literary critics and scholars for his complex characterisation and cultural significance within Chinese literature.
Writer Ni Kuang praised Hong Qigong as “a superior character” whose endearing flaws enhance rather than diminish his heroic stature: “The Nine Fingered Divine Beggar cut off his finger for being greedy about food and missing important business, but his gluttonous nature remained unchanged. He is upright and loveable, without pretense or artifice—a true hero.”
Professor Cao Zhengwen10 of Shanghai University highlighted Hong Qigong’s approachable nature compared to other martial arts masters: “This ‘Northern Beggar’ appears more easygoing and interesting than the ‘Eastern Heretic’ Huang Yaoshi. Though he serves as chief of the Beggars’ Guild and ranks among the Five Greats, he carries no airs of a grandmaster. Rough in appearance but kind-hearted, he cares nothing for social status or family background, willing to personally ensure his disciples’ happiness. Though he has killed many, he remains confident that all were evildoers, never harming innocents—displaying the broad spirit and sense of justice befitting a great hero.”
Professor Ning Zongyi11 of Nankai University emphasised Hong Qigong’s embodiment of traditional Chinese heroic ideals: “Throughout his life, Hong Qigong upheld the Beggars’ Guild principles of helping those in danger and serving the nation and people. He worked tirelessly, eliminating evil and corruption while leading guild members in resistance against foreign invasion. In his later years, he carefully instructed disciples Guo Jing and Huang Rong, nurturing them into a heroic couple praised by countless people, thus earning the contemporary title of ‘foremost person in the martial world.’”
From an academic perspective, lecturer Huang Ping12 analysed Hong Qigong’s character through the lens of traditional Chinese philosophy: “Mohism, Confucianism, and Taoism together constitute the three major sources of traditional Chinese culture. Creating character images according to Mohist standards can better resonate with Chinese people’s hearts and thoughts, making Hong Qigong’s righteous image more complete, rich, and personally inspiring. However, if characters were shaped purely by Mohist standards, they would obviously become simplified and stereotypical, lacking authenticity and giving readers an impression of rigidity and preaching. Jin Yong’s brilliance lies in clearly embodying anti-Mohist aspects in Hong Qigong’s character,” noting how the author balanced idealistic heroic traits with realistic human flaws.
Portrayals
Hong Qigong has been portrayed by numerous actors in film and television adaptations of Jin Yong’s novels, with many considering these performances among the most challenging due to the character’s complexity:
The Legend of the Condor Heroes
- 1976 series – Jason Pai
- 1977 movie – Ku Feng
- 1983 series – Lau Dan
- 1988 series – Chiang Sheng
- 1994 series – Lau Dan
- 2003 series – Sun Haiying
- 2008 series – Bryan Leung
- 2017 series – Zhao Lixin
- 2024 series – Li Baoan
The Return of the Condor Heroes
Other adaptations
- 1993 film The Eagle Shooting Heroes – Jacky Cheung
Lau Dan is particularly notable for being the only actor to portray Hong Qigong in four consecutive TVB adaptations (1983, 1983, 1994, 1995), making him widely regarded as the definitive interpretation of the character. His performances captured both Hong Qigong’s martial prowess and his endearing love of food, creating a portrayal that satisfied both critics and audiences.
 Lau Dan (1983) |  Lau Dan (1994) |
 Sun Haiying (2003) |  Bryan Leung (2008) |
 Zhao Lixin (2017) |  Li Baoan (2024) |
External links
- Hong Qigong on Wikipedia
- Hong Qigong (Chinese) on Chinese Wikipedia
Footnotes
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江湖 – jiānghú. ↩
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华山 – Huáshān. Sacred mountain located in Shaanxi Province. The Western Mountain of the Five Great Mountains. See Wikipedia. ↩
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公 – Gōng. An honorific meaning “lord” or “sir,” historically used for nobles and as a respectful form of address for esteemed men. See Wikipedia. ↩
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宋 – Sòng. The Song dynasty, lasting from 960 to 1279 AD. See Wikipedia. ↩
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金 – Jīn. A dynasty ruled by the Jurchen people under the Wanyan clan from 1115 to 1234. See Wikipedia. ↩
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广东 – Guǎngdōng. Short for 广南东路 (Guǎngnán Dōnglù), literally East Circuit in Southern Guang. The region in southern China, modern Guangdong. See Wikipedia. ↩
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嶺南 – Lǐngnán. The region south of the Naling Mountains, modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam. See Wikipedia. ↩
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易经 – Yìjīng. An ancient Chinese divination text used for philosophical guidance and fortune-telling, One of the Five Classics, also known as Yijing or I Ching. See Wikipedia. ↩
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曹正文 – Cáo Zhèngwén. Professor at Shanghai University’s School of Liberal Arts, specialising in Chinese literature and cultural studies. ↩
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寧宗一 – Níng Zōngyī. Professor in the Department of Oriental Arts at Nankai University, scholar of Chinese cultural traditions. ↩
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黃萍 – Huáng Píng. Lecturer in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at Zhangzhou City University, specialising in Chinese literature analysis. ↩