Salutes of the Jianghu

When wuxia characters meet, how they greet each other reveals far more than mere politeness. The gestures from ancient China, such as a martial artist’s palm over fist salute or cupped hands immediately signals identity, context, and social standing not just within the jianghu, but also in Chinese society.

Traditional Chinese salutes and greeting gestures form an essential part of the cultural vocabulary in wuxia fiction. They establish hierarchy, express respect, and define social context by distinguishing between the jianghu and civilian society, formal occasions and casual encounters, auspicious greetings and funerary rituals. Understanding these gestures helps readers grasp not just what characters are doing, but who they are and how they relate to each other within the complex social structures of the jianghu.

Critical distinction of martial and civilian salutes

Perhaps the most important distinction lies between two seemingly similar gestures: left palm over right fist (抱拳 bàoquán), and cupped hands (拱手 gǒngshǒu). Though both involve placing hands together in front of the chest, they carry fundamentally different meanings and signal entirely different social contexts.

Martial salute: left palm over right fist

Placing the left palm over a right fist is the salute used exclusively by people of the jianghu when greeting each other in martial contexts. The gesture follows a fixed, unvarying form: the left palm covers the right fist, positioned in front of the chest. This positioning never reverses in standard practice.

The gesture evolved from earlier Confucian greeting forms documented in classical texts such as the “Three Ritual Classics”—the Rites of Zhou, the Book of Etiquette and Rites, and the Book of Rites—carrying over three thousand years of history.

When the left palm covers the right fist, the gesture encodes core jianghu principles: martial prowess must serve righteous purposes under moral restraint, never descending into mere violence. Reversing to right-palm-left-fist signals life-or-death combat intent rather than courtesy—a distinction that transforms a greeting into a declaration of hostile intent.

Beyond its symbolic meaning, the gesture functions as an identity marker. When a character uses this salute, they signal: “I am a person of the jianghu, and I follow jianghu rules.”

Civilian salute: cupped hands

Cupped hands represents general social courtesy used throughout traditional Chinese society. Unlike the martial salute, this gesture follows different rules with flexible hand positioning—hands interlocking or overlapping rather than following the strict left-palm-right-fist pattern.

Classical texts prescribe gender-specific rules: for men’s auspicious salute, the left hand goes outside; women’s auspicious salute reverses this. Reversing these patterns is considered inauspicious or funerary.

Cupped hands appears in everyday social situations across all walks of life—scholars, merchants, farmers, and officials all use it for greetings, expressions of thanks, and general social interactions where martial arts aren’t involved.

Why this distinction matters

Understanding the distinction between these salutes provides crucial insight into character identity and social context. When translations render both as generic “salutes” or “bows”, they lose essential information.

Character identity: The choice of salute reveals whether a character belongs to the jianghu or civilian society. A scholar using cupped hands versus a martial artist using fist in palm tells readers immediately who they’re encountering.

Social context: Characters may switch between salutes depending on context—using cupped hands in civilian settings but fist in palm within the jianghu.

Character development: A character who begins using fist in palm after joining a martial school demonstrates their integration into the jianghu, whilst abandoning it might signal departure from martial life.

Standing hand salutes

Beyond the fundamental distinction, several other standing salutes appear in wuxia fiction.

Bowing with clasped hands

Bowing with clasped hands (作揖 zuòyī) represents a more formal civilian greeting that includes a slight bow. Originating from Confucian tradition, it carries greater formality than cupped hands whilst remaining distinct from martial salutes. The gesture appears in scholarly ceremonies, formal introductions between respected civilians, and interactions requiring greater respect than cupped hands.

Crossed hands greeting

The crossed hands greeting (叉手 chāshǒu) represents a historical variation popular during the Western Jin through Song dynasties, tracing its origins to Buddhist influences. The gesture differs through its specific hand positioning—hands crossed rather than clasped or cupped.

Women’s salute

The women’s salute (万福 wànfú) represents a formal greeting specific to women, particularly during the Ming dynasty and later periods. The gesture’s name, literally “ten thousand blessings”, reflects its function as a polite wish for good fortune.

Kneeling and prostration salutes

Beyond standing gestures, traditional Chinese etiquette includes various forms of kneeling and prostration that express deeper levels of respect, submission, or reverence.

Kowtow

Kowtowing (叩头/磕头 kòutóu/kētóu) is a prostration where the forehead touches the ground. This gesture expresses deep respect, apology, submission, or gratitude, appearing throughout wuxia fiction in contexts requiring profound deference—disciples paying respects to their shifu, apologising for serious transgressions, or expressing gratitude for life-saving kindness.

Grand kowtow

The grand kowtow (三跪九叩 sān guì jiǔ kòu) represents the highest level of reverence. The gesture involves three separate kneelings, each followed by three head-knockings for a total of nine, reserved for the emperor, Heaven, founding masters, or extreme circumstances requiring ultimate expression of respect.

Cultural significance

The salutes of the jianghu connect to broader cultural values and social structures.

Relationship to Confucian values

Traditional Chinese salutes derive from Confucian traditions emphasising ritual propriety¹ and respect for hierarchy. Using the wrong salute—employing fist in palm in civilian contexts or cupped hands inappropriately between martial artists—signals ignorance of social codes or deliberate disrespect, both serious failures in traditional Chinese cultural values.

Role in establishing social hierarchy

Salutes function as tools for establishing and maintaining social hierarchy. The depth of a gesture, choice between standing and kneeling forms, and accompanying verbal honorifics all communicate relative status and relationships. Within the jianghu, these hierarchies govern interactions between masters and disciples, seniors and juniors, leaders and members.

Connection to jianghu codes of conduct

The salutes of the jianghu connect directly to codes of conduct governing martial artists’ behaviour. Characters who properly understand and use jianghu salutes demonstrate integration into the martial community and commitment to its values. Conversely, misuse of salutes signals outsider status or character flaws that may drive narrative conflict.

Conclusion

The salutes and greeting gestures of the jianghu form an essential part of the cultural vocabulary in wuxia fiction, encoding information about character identity, social context, and cultural values. Understanding these gestures—particularly the fundamental distinction between fist in palm (抱拳 bàoquán) and cupped hands (拱手 gǒngshǒu)—provides crucial insight into how wuxia authors communicate character belonging and social relationships.

For readers encountering wuxia fiction, understanding these salutes enhances appreciation of character interactions, social contexts, and cultural authenticity. For translators working with wuxia literature, maintaining the distinctions between different salutes preserves essential narrative information about character identity and social relationships. The salutes of the jianghu are not mere historical curiosities but living elements of the cultural vocabulary that make wuxia fiction’s social structures believable, meaningful, and deeply rooted in authentic Chinese traditions.

Footnotes

1. 礼 – lǐ. Ritual propriety, a core Confucian concept governing proper conduct and social harmony. ↩