Yellow River Brotherhood (simplified: 黄河帮, traditional: 黃河幫, pinyin: Huánghé Bāng) was a criminal organisation that controlled river trade and transport along the Yellow River1 during the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Led by Sha Tongtian the Dragon King of Devil’s Gate, the gang specialised in robbery and extortion before eventually becoming absorbed into Wanyan Honglie’s forces.
The faction operated as bandits specialising in waterway piracy and served as a regional power before its transformation into a political tool under Jin2 influence.
History
Early operations
The Yellow River Brotherhood emerged as a bandit organisation under Sha Tongtian’s leadership exploiting the strategic importance of the Yellow River’s trade routes. The gang’s criminal activities focused on robbing merchants, controlling ferry crossings, and extorting protection fees from vessels travelling the river. Their base of operations centred around the Yellow River region, where they could monitor and intercept trade traffic between northern and central China.
Defeat in Mongolia
During the early Mongol expansion, the Yellow River Brotherhood attempted to exploit the chaos by extending their operations into Mongol territories. However, their criminal activities in Mongolia brought them into conflict with Guo Jing and the Seven Eccentrics of Jiangnan, who defeated the Four Ghosts of Yellow River and effectively ended the gang’s Mongol operations.
Absorption into Jin forces
Following their setbacks in Mongolia, Yellow River Brotherhood abandoned their independence to serve under Wanyan Honglie within the Jin Dynasty. All remaining members were absorbed into Wanyan Honglie’s forces, where they served as enforcers and agents rather than autonomous bandits, effectively ending the Brotherhood as an independent criminal organisation.
Imprisonment and escape
Following their service under Wanyan Honglie, Sha Tongtian and Hou Tonghai were captured and imprisoned in Quanzhen Order dungeons for decades. They eventually escaped during the Mongol burning of Chongyang Palace.
After their escape, the surviving members chose to go into hiding rather than attempt to rebuild their organisation, suggesting they recognised the changed political landscape made their old methods obsolete.
Organisation
Leadership structure
The Yellow River Brotherhood operated under Sha Tongtian’s authority as leader. His position as the Dragon King of Devil’s Gate reflected both his martial prowess and his reputation for ruthless leadership.
Hou Tonghai the Three-headed Dragon, served as Sha Tongtian’s lieutenant and close associate.
Four Ghosts of Yellow River
The gang’s most formidable operatives were the Four Ghosts of Yellow River, four disciples of Sha Tongtian who specialised in different weapons and fighting styles:
Shen Qinggang the Soul-severing Sabre was the eldest of the four disciples.
Wu Qinglie the Life-chasing Spear was the second of the four disciples.
Ma Qingxiong the Soul-devouring Whip was the third of the four disciples.
Qian Qingjian the Death-bringing Axe was the youngest of the four disciples.
The Yellow River Four Ghosts represented the gang’s elite fighting force and most recognisable members within the jianghu. Their individual reputations for deadly skill and their collective notoriety as Sha Tongtian’s disciples made them feared throughout the Yellow River region.
Ma Qingxiong’s was later killed by Lu Guanying, son of Lu Chengfeng.
Behind the scenes
Literary significance
Yellow River Brotherhood serves as an example of the criminal organisations that flourished during periods of political instability and weak central authority. Their rise and fall illustrates the temporary nature of criminal success when confronted by both orthodox martial artists and changing political circumstances.
See also
- Jin Yong factions
- The Legend of the Condor Heroes factions
- Four Ghosts of Yellow River
- Sha Tongtian
- Hou Tonghai
Footnotes
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黄河 – Huánghé. Literally yellow river. China’s “Mother River” notorious for catastrophic floods yet vital for agricultural civilisation. See Wikipedia. ↩
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金朝 – Jīn Cháo. Jurchen dynasty (1115-1234) ruled by the Wanyan clan. Invaded Song Dynasty and conquered northern China, and posed constant threat to Southern Song. See Wikipedia. ↩