Wu Sangui (simplified: 吴三桂, traditional: 吳三桂, pinyin: Wú Sānguì, jyutping: ng4 saam1 gwai3) was a Ming general who played a crucial role in the fall of the Ming dynasty in Sword Stained with Royal Blood. His decision to allow Manchu forces through Shanhai Pass (山海关 — Shānhǎi Guān) led directly to the collapse of the Ming dynasty and the establishment of Qing rule, and contributed to Yuan Chengzhi’s (袁承志) decision to leave China.
Biography
Historical background
Wu Sangui was a real historical figure who lived from 1612 to 1678. He was a Ming general who served as the commander of Shanhai Pass, a crucial defensive position on the Great Wall that protected the capital from northern invaders. He was known for his military prowess and was initially loyal to the Ming dynasty.
In the novel, Wu Sangui’s historical role in allowing the Manchus through Shanhai Pass is incorporated into the narrative, representing one of the key events that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty.
Service to the Ming dynasty
Wu Sangui served as a Ming general, commanding the forces at Shanhai Pass, one of the most strategically important positions in the empire. The pass was the primary gateway between the Ming territories and the Manchu-controlled lands to the north, making Wu Sangui’s position crucial to the defence of the capital and the empire.
Relationship with Chen Yuanyuan
Wu Sangui had a relationship with Chen Yuanyuan (陈圆圆), a famous beauty who became his concubine. According to historical accounts and the novel’s context, when Li Zicheng’s (李自成) rebel forces captured Beijing and Chen Yuanyuan was taken by the rebels, Wu Sangui’s decision to allow the Manchus through Shanhai Pass was influenced by his desire to recover her.
The famous saying “冲冠一怒为红颜” (chōng guān yī nù wèi hóng yán — “rising in anger for the sake of a beautiful woman”) is often associated with Wu Sangui’s decision, suggesting that his personal feelings for Chen Yuanyuan played a role in his betrayal of the Ming dynasty.
Allowing the Manchus through Shanhai Pass
When Li Zicheng’s rebel forces captured Beijing and the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide, Wu Sangui found himself in a difficult position. Facing pressure from both the rebel forces and the Manchu armies, and with Chen Yuanyuan in the hands of the rebels, Wu Sangui made the fateful decision to allow the Manchu forces through Shanhai Pass.
This decision proved catastrophic for the Ming dynasty. The Manchu forces, led by Dorgon (多尔衮), passed through Shanhai Pass and quickly defeated Li Zicheng’s forces, establishing Qing rule over China. Wu Sangui’s betrayal of the Ming dynasty marked a turning point in Chinese history and contributed to his reputation as a traitor.
Impact on the novel’s narrative
Wu Sangui’s decision to allow the Manchus through Shanhai Pass has profound consequences in the novel. Yuan Chengzhi, who had already become disillusioned with Li Zicheng’s rebellion after witnessing its corruption and brutality, was further disillusioned by the fall of the Ming dynasty.
Yuan Chengzhi realised that he lacked the political acumen to change the situation and was unwilling to participate in another corrupt regime. Combined with the execution of his sworn brother Li Yan (李岩) and the overall corruption he had witnessed, Yuan Chengzhi decided to leave China with his companions, leading an expedition to reclaim an island near Brunei that had been colonised by the Dutch.
Role in the novel
Symbol of betrayal and political failure
Wu Sangui’s decision to allow the Manchus through Shanhai Pass represents the ultimate betrayal of the Ming dynasty. As a trusted general in a crucial defensive position, his decision to open the gates to the enemy directly led to the fall of the empire he had sworn to protect.
His actions symbolise the political failures and corruption that plagued the late Ming dynasty, demonstrating how personal interests and relationships could override loyalty to the state and the greater good.
Contributing to Yuan Chengzhi’s disillusionment
Wu Sangui’s betrayal, combined with the corruption of Li Zicheng’s forces and the execution of Li Yan, contributed to Yuan Chengzhi’s growing disillusionment with the political situation in China. Yuan Chengzhi, who had sought to honour his father’s memory and work for justice, found himself unable to effect meaningful change in a world where even trusted generals could betray their country for personal reasons.
Historical transition
Wu Sangui’s role in the novel represents the historical transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. His decision to allow the Manchus through Shanhai Pass marks the end of one era and the beginning of another, representing the culmination of the Ming dynasty’s decline and the establishment of Manchu rule over China.
Relationships
Family and personal
- Chen Yuanyuan — Wu Sangui’s concubine, whose capture by Li Zicheng’s forces allegedly influenced his decision to allow the Manchus through Shanhai Pass
Historical figures
- Li Zicheng — The rebel leader whose forces captured Beijing and took Chen Yuanyuan, contributing to Wu Sangui’s decision to betray the Ming
- Dorgon — The Manchu prince who led the forces that Wu Sangui allowed through Shanhai Pass
- Yuan Chengzhi — The protagonist whose disillusionment was deepened by Wu Sangui’s betrayal and the fall of the Ming dynasty
Legacy
Wu Sangui’s historical legacy is complex and controversial. He is often remembered as a traitor who betrayed the Ming dynasty for personal reasons, and his name has become associated with treachery and betrayal. The phrase “冲冠一怒为红颜” (rising in anger for the sake of a beautiful woman) has become a lasting reminder of how personal emotions can override political loyalty and the greater good.
In the context of the novel, Wu Sangui’s betrayal represents one of the final blows that led to the collapse of the Ming dynasty and contributed to Yuan Chengzhi’s decision to leave China. His actions demonstrate the depth of the political corruption and moral decay that characterised the final years of the Ming dynasty, and highlight the difficult choices that individuals were forced to make during this tumultuous period in Chinese history.